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The Philosophy of 'as If '
by Hans Vaihinger • 1911
Thought runs on conscious falsehoods: the harder the contradiction, the sharper the tool.
4.00
72
The Philosophy of 'as If ' Summary
The Philosophy of 'as If ' 92%
Thought runs on conscious falsehoods: the harder the contradiction, the sharper the tool.
by Hans Vaihinger 1911
4.00
72 ratings
Kant
by Roger Scruton • 1983
Why the limits of your own mind are the only foundation for science, morality, and beauty.
3.77
2k+
Kant Summary
Kant 92%
Why the limits of your own mind are the only foundation for science, morality, and beauty.
by Roger Scruton 1983
3.77
2k+ ratings
Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
by Immanuel Kant • 1998
Morality comes not from outcomes or emotions but from a test any rational being can apply.
3.83
23k+
Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals Summary
Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 91%
Morality comes not from outcomes or emotions but from a test any rational being can apply.
by Immanuel Kant 1998
3.83
23k+ ratings
Critique of Pure Reason
by Immanuel Kant • 1781
The mind's hidden architecture makes experience possible and certain questions unanswerable.
3.96
43k+
Critique of Pure Reason Summary
Critique of Pure Reason 91%
The mind's hidden architecture makes experience possible and certain questions unanswerable.
by Immanuel Kant 1781
3.96
43k+ ratings
Critique of Practical Reason
by Immanuel Kant • 1788
Morality comes from reason alone, not feelings or consequences; through it we discover our freedom.
3.94
12k+
Critique of Practical Reason Summary
Critique of Practical Reason 91%
Morality comes from reason alone, not feelings or consequences; through it we discover our freedom.
by Immanuel Kant 1788
3.94
12k+ ratings
Per la pace perpetua
by Immanuel Kant • 1795
A Dutch inn sign with a cemetery: Kant's starting point for a plan to end war.
3.59
3k+
Per la pace perpetua Summary
Per la pace perpetua 91%
A Dutch inn sign with a cemetery: Kant's starting point for a plan to end war.
by Immanuel Kant 1795
3.59
3k+ ratings
Critique of Judgment
by Immanuel Kant • 1790
Beauty demands universal agreement from nothing more than your own private feeling.
4.10
10k+
Critique of Judgment Summary
Critique of Judgment 91%
Beauty demands universal agreement from nothing more than your own private feeling.
by Immanuel Kant 1790
4.10
10k+ ratings
Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime
by Immanuel Kant • 2004
Kant's early map: everything in human life divides between awe and joy, from love to nations.
3.53
1k+
Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime Summary
Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime 90%
Kant's early map: everything in human life divides between awe and joy, from love to nations.
by Immanuel Kant 2004
3.53
1k+ ratings
Phenomenology of Spirit
by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel • 1807
Truth is the whole journey. Every stage consciousness passes through is both wrong and necessary.
3.97
21k+
Phenomenology of Spirit Summary
Phenomenology of Spirit 90%
Truth is the whole journey. Every stage consciousness passes through is both wrong and necessary.
by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 1807
3.97
21k+ ratings
Less Than Nothing
by Slavoj Žižek • 2012
Reality is a hole in nothingness, propped up by fictions, and Hegel's dialectic is the map.
4.17
650
Less Than Nothing Summary
Less Than Nothing 90%
Reality is a hole in nothingness, propped up by fictions, and Hegel's dialectic is the map.
by Slavoj Žižek 2012
4.17
650 ratings
I am Not a Brain
by Markus Gabriel • 2017
Neuroscience keeps looking for the self inside the skull. The real thing lives between people.
3.49
233
I am Not a Brain Summary
I am Not a Brain 90%
Neuroscience keeps looking for the self inside the skull. The real thing lives between people.
by Markus Gabriel 2017
3.49
233 ratings
Standpoints
by Svend Brinkmann • 2018
Modernity wants a use for everything. Ten old ideas that refuse to earn their keep.
3.77
787
Standpoints Summary
Standpoints 90%
Modernity wants a use for everything. Ten old ideas that refuse to earn their keep.
by Svend Brinkmann 2018
3.77
787 ratings
The Fundamentals of Ethics
by Russ Shafer-Landau • 2009
Three questions, twelve theories. Every one of them falters on the hard cases.
3.73
798
The Fundamentals of Ethics Summary
The Fundamentals of Ethics 90%
Three questions, twelve theories. Every one of them falters on the hard cases.
by Russ Shafer-Landau 2009
3.73
798 ratings
The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity
by Jürgen Habermas • 1985
Western philosophy bet everything on the individual knower. From Hegel onward, the bet kept losing.
3.90
1k+
The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity Summary
The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity 90%
Western philosophy bet everything on the individual knower. From Hegel onward, the bet kept losing.
by Jürgen Habermas 1985
3.90
1k+ ratings
The Stillborn God
by Mark Lilla • 2007
Politics broke from God only recently, and Weimar nearly put them back together.
3.60
289
The Stillborn God Summary
The Stillborn God 90%
Politics broke from God only recently, and Weimar nearly put them back together.
by Mark Lilla 2007
3.60
289 ratings
Philosophy of Existence
by Karl Jaspers • 1938
Objects aren't real. The real is a horizon you inhabit, never grasp, and awaken to.
3.79
323
Philosophy of Existence Summary
Philosophy of Existence 90%
Objects aren't real. The real is a horizon you inhabit, never grasp, and awaken to.
by Karl Jaspers 1938
3.79
323 ratings
Slavoj Zizek
by Tony Myers • 2003
Your cynicism isn't rebellion. According to Žižek, it's the purest form of ideology.
3.82
266
Slavoj Zizek Summary
Slavoj Zizek 90%
Your cynicism isn't rebellion. According to Žižek, it's the purest form of ideology.
by Tony Myers 2003
3.82
266 ratings
Panentheism
by John W. Cooper • 2006
Western thought's rival God contains the world instead of transcending it, from Plato to today.
4.23
48
Panentheism Summary
Panentheism 90%
Western thought's rival God contains the world instead of transcending it, from Plato to today.
by John W. Cooper 2006
4.23
48 ratings
Beauty
by Roger Scruton • 2009
From dinner tables to galleries, beauty is a rational demand we are ignoring.
3.95
3k+
Beauty Summary
Beauty 89%
From dinner tables to galleries, beauty is a rational demand we are ignoring.
by Roger Scruton 2009
3.95
3k+ ratings
Metaphysics
by Michael J. Loux • 1997
From universals to time: the central problems of metaphysics, mapped for the first-time student.
3.93
354
Metaphysics Summary
Metaphysics 89%
From universals to time: the central problems of metaphysics, mapped for the first-time student.
by Michael J. Loux 1997
3.93
354 ratings
The Bloomsbury Companion to Arendt
by Peter Gratton • 2020
Why totalitarianism aims to make humans unnecessary, and the public acts that can stop it.
The Bloomsbury Companion to Arendt Summary
The Bloomsbury Companion to Arendt 89%
Why totalitarianism aims to make humans unnecessary, and the public acts that can stop it.
by Peter Gratton 2020
The Rise and Fall of Rational Control
by Harvey Claflin Mansfield • 2026
Reason promised to liberate us. It delivered a chain of necessity we forged ourselves.
4.10
29
The Rise and Fall of Rational Control Summary
The Rise and Fall of Rational Control 89%
Reason promised to liberate us. It delivered a chain of necessity we forged ourselves.
by Harvey Claflin Mansfield 2026
4.10
29 ratings
Truth and Method
by Hans-Georg Gadamer • 1960
Understanding is an event language and tradition perform through you, not a method you apply.
4.17
4k+
Truth and Method Summary
Truth and Method 89%
Understanding is an event language and tradition perform through you, not a method you apply.
by Hans-Georg Gadamer 1960
4.17
4k+ ratings
The Abolition of Man
by C.S. Lewis • 1943
The final product of denying objective value is not freedom but a humanity ruled by impulse.
4.12
42k+
The Abolition of Man Summary
The Abolition of Man 89%
The final product of denying objective value is not freedom but a humanity ruled by impulse.
by C.S. Lewis 1943
4.12
42k+ ratings
Archaeologies of the Future
by Fredric Jameson • 2005
Utopia's function is not to predict the future but to prove the present is not inevitable.
4.04
596
Archaeologies of the Future Summary
Archaeologies of the Future 89%
Utopia's function is not to predict the future but to prove the present is not inevitable.
by Fredric Jameson 2005
4.04
596 ratings
Introductory Lectures on Aesthetics
by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel • 2004
Art makes truth visible, but the age when it could fully satisfy the spirit is over.
3.89
1k+
Introductory Lectures on Aesthetics Summary
Introductory Lectures on Aesthetics 89%
Art makes truth visible, but the age when it could fully satisfy the spirit is over.
by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 2004
3.89
1k+ ratings
Philosophy Bites
by David Edmonds • 2012
The big questions of philosophy, served in bite-sized interviews with today's leading thinkers.
3.69
371
Philosophy Bites Summary
Philosophy Bites 89%
The big questions of philosophy, served in bite-sized interviews with today's leading thinkers.
by David Edmonds 2012
3.69
371 ratings
The World as Will and Representation, Volume I
by Arthur Schopenhauer • 1818
Reality's hidden engine is a blind, striving will. Your desires obey it; art briefly escapes it.
4.22
11k+
The World as Will and Representation, Volume I Summary
The World as Will and Representation, Volume I 89%
Reality's hidden engine is a blind, striving will. Your desires obey it; art briefly escapes it.
by Arthur Schopenhauer 1818
4.22
11k+ ratings
The Posthuman
by Rosi Braidotti • 2013
Humanism promised progress but delivered exclusion. A theory of what we become next.
3.82
949
The Posthuman Summary
The Posthuman 89%
Humanism promised progress but delivered exclusion. A theory of what we become next.
by Rosi Braidotti 2013
3.82
949 ratings
On Quality
by Robert M. Pirsig • 2021
Value isn't a judgment we add to reality. It is reality, and everything else follows.
3.64
387
On Quality Summary
On Quality 89%
Value isn't a judgment we add to reality. It is reality, and everything else follows.
by Robert M. Pirsig 2021
3.64
387 ratings
Tragedy and Hope
by Carroll Quigley • 1966
Art turned ugly, stopped making sense, and became useless. That was its last honest act.
4.32
917
Tragedy and Hope Summary
Tragedy and Hope 89%
Art turned ugly, stopped making sense, and became useless. That was its last honest act.
by Carroll Quigley 1966
4.32
917 ratings
Being And Event
by Alain Badiou • 1988
Set theory is the science of being itself, and the One is nowhere in it.
4.01
1k+
Being And Event Summary
Being And Event 89%
Set theory is the science of being itself, and the One is nowhere in it.
by Alain Badiou 1988
4.01
1k+ ratings
Philosophy
by Nigel Warburton • 1995
Philosophy without the jargon: the big questions, and how to think them through.
3.84
3k+
Philosophy Summary
Philosophy 89%
Philosophy without the jargon: the big questions, and how to think them through.
by Nigel Warburton 1995
3.84
3k+ ratings
Cynicism
by Ansgar Allen • 2014
Cynicism once meant tearing everything down. Now it just means giving up.
3.71
146
Cynicism Summary
Cynicism 89%
Cynicism once meant tearing everything down. Now it just means giving up.
by Ansgar Allen 2014
3.71
146 ratings
Computer Power and Human Reason
by Joseph Weizenbaum • 1976
The computer's greatest danger isn't outthinking us; it's that we'll remake ourselves in its image.
4.31
294
Computer Power and Human Reason Summary
Computer Power and Human Reason 89%
The computer's greatest danger isn't outthinking us; it's that we'll remake ourselves in its image.
by Joseph Weizenbaum 1976
4.31
294 ratings
The Crisis of the Modern World
by René Guénon • 1927
Modernity is a spiritual dark age, and the West's greatest achievements are its diagnostic symptoms.
4.09
2k+
The Crisis of the Modern World Summary
The Crisis of the Modern World 89%
Modernity is a spiritual dark age, and the West's greatest achievements are its diagnostic symptoms.
by René Guénon 1927
4.09
2k+ ratings
The Portable Nietzsche
by Friedrich Nietzsche • 1954
Morality was a slave revolt, pity is poison, and God's death is an open door.
4.21
9k+
The Portable Nietzsche Summary
The Portable Nietzsche 89%
Morality was a slave revolt, pity is poison, and God's death is an open door.
by Friedrich Nietzsche 1954
4.21
9k+ ratings
Dialogism
by Michael Holquist • 1990
All speech answers prior speech, all selves depend on others: the dialogic philosophy of Bakhtin.
4.09
88
Dialogism Summary
Dialogism 89%
All speech answers prior speech, all selves depend on others: the dialogic philosophy of Bakhtin.
by Michael Holquist 1990
4.09
88 ratings
Whose Justice? Which Rationality?
by Alasdair MacIntyre • 1988
Neutral reason is a myth. Every standard of justice carries the history of a specific tradition.
4.24
409
Whose Justice? Which Rationality? Summary
Whose Justice? Which Rationality? 89%
Neutral reason is a myth. Every standard of justice carries the history of a specific tradition.
by Alasdair MacIntyre 1988
4.24
409 ratings
Flatline Constructs
by Mark Fisher • 2018
Reality flatlined into the undead where cybernetics, gothic horror, and theory-as-fiction converge.
4.13
345
Flatline Constructs Summary
Flatline Constructs 89%
Reality flatlined into the undead where cybernetics, gothic horror, and theory-as-fiction converge.
by Mark Fisher 2018
4.13
345 ratings
The Struggle for Recognition
by Axel Honneth • 1996
Social conflicts are fights for dignity, not just resources, driven by withheld recognition.
4.14
299
The Struggle for Recognition Summary
The Struggle for Recognition 89%
Social conflicts are fights for dignity, not just resources, driven by withheld recognition.
by Axel Honneth 1996
4.14
299 ratings
Explaining Postmodernism
by Stephen R.C. Hicks • 2004
When socialism failed, the academic Left didn't abandon the project. It abandoned truth instead.
3.88
2k+
Explaining Postmodernism Summary
Explaining Postmodernism 89%
When socialism failed, the academic Left didn't abandon the project. It abandoned truth instead.
by Stephen R.C. Hicks 2004
3.88
2k+ ratings
The Marriage of Sense and Soul
by Ken Wilber • 1998
The war between science and religion is a category error. Fix the method, conflict dissolves.
4.11
522
The Marriage of Sense and Soul Summary
The Marriage of Sense and Soul 89%
The war between science and religion is a category error. Fix the method, conflict dissolves.
by Ken Wilber 1998
4.11
522 ratings
Francis Fukuyama and the End of History
by Howard Williams • 1997
Hegel, Kant, Marx, and the claim that liberal democracy is the last political idea.
4.05
20
Francis Fukuyama and the End of History Summary
Francis Fukuyama and the End of History 89%
Hegel, Kant, Marx, and the claim that liberal democracy is the last political idea.
by Howard Williams 1997
4.05
20 ratings
Fearless
by Max Lucado • 2009
Ten philosophers, ten arguments that still govern how we think about truth, justice, and ourselves.
4.16
13k+
Fearless Summary
Fearless 89%
Ten philosophers, ten arguments that still govern how we think about truth, justice, and ourselves.
by Max Lucado 2009
4.16
13k+ ratings
All Things Are Full of Gods
by David Bentley Hart • 2024
Physicalism cannot explain a single conscious thought. The case for mind as reality's foundation.
4.36
322
All Things Are Full of Gods Summary
All Things Are Full of Gods 89%
Physicalism cannot explain a single conscious thought. The case for mind as reality's foundation.
by David Bentley Hart 2024
4.36
322 ratings
Dialectic of Enlightenment
by Max Horkheimer • 1947
The drive to free humanity through reason ends in mass conformity and a new mythology.
4.11
8k+
Dialectic of Enlightenment Summary
Dialectic of Enlightenment 89%
The drive to free humanity through reason ends in mass conformity and a new mythology.
by Max Horkheimer 1947
4.11
8k+ ratings
Hyperreality
by Mike Hockney • 2012
Reality is a self-solving mathematical equation, and God is the answer, not the author.
4.61
56
Hyperreality Summary
Hyperreality 89%
Reality is a self-solving mathematical equation, and God is the answer, not the author.
by Mike Hockney 2012
4.61
56 ratings
Introduction to Phenomenology
by Robert Sokolowski • 1999
Consciousness is always reaching toward the world; phenomenology maps the structures of that reach.
4.03
541
Introduction to Phenomenology Summary
Introduction to Phenomenology 89%
Consciousness is always reaching toward the world; phenomenology maps the structures of that reach.
by Robert Sokolowski 1999
4.03
541 ratings
Jacques Derrida
by Christopher Watkin • 2017
Deconstruction: meaning never settles. This book argues the Trinity says why, and what comes next.
4.36
44
Jacques Derrida Summary
Jacques Derrida 89%
Deconstruction: meaning never settles. This book argues the Trinity says why, and what comes next.
by Christopher Watkin 2017
4.36
44 ratings
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